[FREE] Biology Macromolecules Test Answers
These organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are monomers and they link together into long chains that form polymers. Different reagents can be used to find the presence of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates...
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Unit: Macromolecules
Some proteins are also enzymes. The ninhydrin test is used to find either amino acids or proteins. Lipids are macromolecules that are usually insoluble in water. Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are referred to as fats or triglycerides. Oils are liquid at room temperature and are called unsaturated. Solid fats are saturated. Lipids are found in cell membranes and are an energy source. By using the Sudan III test the presence of lipids can be found. The experiment started by cleaning the test tubes and labeling them 1 through 4. I filled one tube with 10 drops of distilled water, another with 10 drops of glucose solution, another with 10 drops of sucrose solution, and 10 drops of starch solution in the last tube.
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I removed the test tubes from the bath and recorded the color changed in table 1. For the second carbohydrate lab, four test tubes were cleaned and labeled 1 through 4. Each tube was filled with 10 drops of a different solution consisting of distilled water, glucose solution, onion juice, and potato juice. All tubes were placed in boiling water for 3 minutes. Test tubes were removed from water and color changes were recorded in table 2. The third lab for carbohydrates consisted of cleaning four test tubes and labeling them 1 through 4.
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Each test tube was filled with 10 drops respectively of distilled water, glucose solution, sucrose solution, and starch solution. Three drops of iodine were added to each tube and swirled. The color results were recorded in table 3. The fourth lab for carbohydrates was performed by slicing a piece of onion and looking at it through a microscope.
Chapter 05 - Macromolecules
A drop of iodine was added. Then a thin slice of potato was examined under the microscope. Color change results were recorded in table 4. The next group of tests were on amino acids and proteins. The first lab for amino acids was done by first cleaning 4 test tubes and labeling them 1 through 4. Then one tube was filled with 10 drops of distilled water, another tube with amino acid solution, another with albumin solution, and the last with starch solution. Five drops of Ninhydrin solution was added to each tube. All four tubes were placed in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
AP Biology : Macromolecules
Test tubes were removed and any color change was recorded for each in table 5. The second test on proteins consisted of cleaning four test tubes and labeling them 1 through 4. Each tube was filled with 10 drops of distilled water, amino acid solution, albumin solution, and starch solution respectively. Ten drops of sodium hydroxide were added to each tube. Five drops of copper sulfate solution was added to each tube and swirled to mix. The tubes were checked for any color change to violet and the results were recorded in table 6. The last groups of tests were on lipids. These tests consisted of using the materials: test tubes, distilled water, test tube rack, egg yolk, glucose solution, salad oil, cornstarch suspension, sudan III dye, corn oil, egg white, honey solution, lard, and margarine.
Biology – Unit 2 Test -Study Guide
The first test started by cleaning four test tubes and labeling them 1 through 4. Each test tube was filled with 10 drops of a different solution: distilled water, honey solution, corn oil, and egg white solution. Five drops of Sudan III were added to each tube and swirled to mix. Results of color change were recorded in table 7. The second lipid test was for fats and oils. This lab consisted of obtaining a piece of unglazed paper and drawing six 3 centimeter diameter circles on it.
Macromolecule Quiz
The circles were numbered 1 through 6. The following compounds were rubbed on each circle respectively: salad oil, glucose solution, lard, margarine, cornstarch, and distilled water. The results were recorded in table 8.
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Question: What do you suppose "Q" represents? You should be aware this is becoming more and more commonly used, and you should have the mindset of picking it up as you are exposed to it, rather than resisting. Sequences are written with the N-terminal to the left and the C-terminal to the right. Although R-groups of some amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups, branched polypeptides or proteins do not occur. Each specific macromolecule has a unique primary structure. This concludes our consideration of the relationship between the structures of biological polymers and their monomer subunits. Biosynthesis of these macromolecules will be covered in subsequent lectures. Let's now begin to investigate the three-dimensional shapes of these macromolecules in solution and the forces responsible for these shapes. Biopolymers consisting of regularly repeating units tend to form helices. The fundamental reason for this is that the bond angles of the constituent atoms are never degrees, so linear molecules are not likely; rather, a gentle curve should be expected along the length of the macromolecule.
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Stable biological helices are usually maintained by hydrogen bonds. Let's now look at Helices in carbohydrates. Starch amylose exemplifies this structure. The starch helix is not very stable in the absence of other interactions iodine, which forms a purple complex with starch, stabilized the starch helix , and it commonly adopts a random coil conformation in solution. Cellulose exemplifies this structure. Cellulose is a degenerate helix consisting of glucose units in alternating orientation stabilized by intrachain hydrogen bonds. Cellulose chains lying side by side can form sheets stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds. Helices in nucleic acids. Single chains of nucleic acids tend to from helices stabilized by base stacking. The purine and pyrimidine bases of the nucleic acids are aromatic rings. These rings tend to stack like pancakes, but slightly offset so as to follow the helix. The stacks of bases are in turn stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and by van der Waals forces between the pi-clouds of electrons above and below the aromatic rings.
SAT II Biology M : Macromolecules
In these helices the bases are oriented inward, toward the helix axis, and the sugar phosphates are oriented outward, away from the helix axis. Two lengths of nucleic acid chain can form a double helix stabilized by Base stacking Hydrogen bonds. Purines and pyrimidines can form specifically hydrogen bonded base pairs. Let's look at how these hydrogen bonds form. Guanine and cytosine can form a base pair that measures 1. Adenine and thymine or uracil can form a base pair that measures 1. Base pairs of this size fit perfectly into a double helix. This is the so-called Watson-Crick base pairing pattern. A must always be opposite T or U. G must always be opposite C. Here's a sample of two complementary sequences. It is important to note, though, that the complementary sequences forming a double helix have opposite polarity.
MACROMOLECULES
The two chains run in opposite directions: 5' This arrangement allows the two chains to fit together better than if they ran in the same direction parallel arrangement. Consequences of complementarity. In any double helical structure the amount of A equals the amount of T or U , and the amount of G equals the amount of C. T's, G's and C's in this or any arbitrary paired sequence to prove this to yourself. Three major types of double helix occur in nucleic acids. These three structures are strikingly and obviously different in appearance. You could see the difference if it were out of focus, and you could feel the differences in the dark. Such as the enzymes that control the expression of genetic information. DNA usually exists in the form of a B-helix. Its characteristics: Right-handed and has 10 nucleotide residues per turn.
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The plane of the bases is nearly perpendicular to the helix axis. There is a prominent major groove and minor groove. The B-helix may be stabilized by bound water that fits perfectly into the minor groove. Its characteristics: Right-handed and has 11 nucleotide residues per turn. The plane of the bases is tilted relative to the helix axis. The minor groove is larger than in B-DNA. This is a stabilizing factor you should know. Its characteristics: Left-handed this surprised the discoverers and has 12 residues 6 PuPy dimers per turn.
Biological macromolecules
Only one groove. The phosphate groups lie on a zig-zag line, which gives rise to the name, Z-DNA. Z-DNA is stabilized if it contains modified methylated cytosine residues. These occur naturally. The detailed shape of the helix determines the interactions in which it can engage. The geometry of the grooves are important in allowing or preventing access to the bases. The surface topography of the helix forms attachment sites for various enzymes sensitive to the differences among the helix types. We'll see some detailed examples of this later. It is possible under certain circumstances to add a third helix fitting it into the major groove.
Macromolecules
A triplex can form ONLY if one strand of the original B-helix is all purines A and G [why you need to know purines from pyrimidines] and the corresponding region of the other strand is all pyrimidines. The triplex is stabilized by H-bonds in the unusual Hoogsteen base-pairing pattern shown in the slide along with standard Watson-Crick base pairing. The existence of this structure was known for 20 years, but no one knew what to make of it. Now, recognizing that it occurs naturally in gene control regions, it is getting a great deal of attention in the research literature. Currently artificial oligonucleotide drugs are being synthesized that form triplexes with specific natural DNA sequences.
Macromolecules Practice Test
Other drugs are being developed that stabilize naturally occurring or artificial triplexes. These are showing promise as antitumor and antibacterial agents, as well as potential agents to modify enzyme activity by controlling enzyme synthesis. It's too new to be in even the most modern text, but you will be seeing more and more of this in the near future.
Macromolecules | Biology Quiz - Quizizz
Be aware of this structure, know where it is found in the gene at control regions and its effect on gene expression, and that it is the subject of promising clinical investigations. Helices in proteins. Properties of the peptide bond dominate the structures of proteins. The first of these properties is that the peptide bond has partial double character. Partial double character is conferred by the electronegative carbonyl oxygen, which draws the unshared electron pair from the amide hydrogen. As a result of having double bond character the peptide bond is planar not free to rotate more stable in the trans configuration than in the cis These characteristics restrict the three-dimensional shapes of proteins because they must be accommodated by any stable structure.
Macromolecule
The second major property of the peptide bond is that the atoms of the peptide bond can form hydrogen bonds. Now let's look at some of the structures that accommodate the restrictions imposed by the peptide bond. The first is the alpha-helix. The alpha-helix is a major structural component of proteins. The hydrogen bonds are all intrachain, between different parts of the same chain. A lthough a single hydrogen bond is weak, cooperation of many hydrogen bonds can be strongly stabilizing. Alpha-helices must have a minimum length to be stable so there will be enough hydrogen bonds.
Large Molecules Problem Set
All peptide bonds are trans and planar. So, if the amino acid R-groups do not repel one another helix formation is favored. The net electric charge should be zero or low charges of the same sign repel. Adjacent R-groups should be small, to avoids steric repulsion.
Biological Macromolecule Practice Questions – Principles of Biology
Answers Macromolecules Review Worksheet For H Biology Answer Key Answering solutions are what home business and others utilized right before the telephone businesses offered voice mail and ahead of there were being answering machines. Answering products and services are companies that solution the phones and acquire messages for human beings, whether these are doctors, lawyers, or other small businesses and individuals. Instead of leaving a message at the sound from the tone, you leave your message having a human currently being who takes down the pertinent detail and passes it on to their client.
A.P. Biology Chapter 5 (Macromolecules) - ProProfs Quiz
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A Biology Laboratory Exercise Using Macromolecule Assays to Distinguish Four Types of Milk
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Structure and function
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Macromolecules - SAT II Biology M
A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content. You will only be able to see the first 20 seconds. We recommend downloading the newest version of Flash here, but we support all versions 10 and above. If that doesn't help, please let us know. Unable to load video. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. If the problem continues, please let us know and we'll try to help. An unexpected error occurred. The term macromolecules simply means large molecules and refers to four different compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these has a unique structure and function. Let's talk about carbohydrates first. All carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Those with simple structures are called monosaccharides or sugars. Monosaccharides can join to form more complex carbohydrate chains called polysaccharides or starch. Starch's normal form resembles a coiled spring because of the bond angles in the polymer chain. The next type of macromolecule we'll discuss is protein. Proteins are built from chains of amino acids, organic compounds that each have an amino group or N-terminal at one end and a carboxyl group, or C-terminal at the other. There are 20 standard amino acids and while they all have a similar base structure, each has a unique side chain known as the R-group. Different amino acids can link together to form a chain connected by peptide bonds and create a protein. The final class of macromolecules we will examine is lipids. The most common types of lipids are fats, also called triglycerides because they are composed of a glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid chains.
14 Macromolecule Quizzes Online, Trivia, Questions & Answers - ProProfs Quizzes
Now, let's talk about detecting these macromolecules in a lab setting. Benedict's Reagent is commonly used for detecting monosaccharides. Benedict's Reagent is normally blue because it contains copper ions in the form of copper sulfate. This metal salt is an example of an oxidizing agent. Monosaccharides that contain a hemiacetal group, such as glucose, are considered reducing sugars. In an aqueous solution, monosaccharides with hemiacetal groups exist in both the cyclic and open chain form which has a reactive aldehyde. From this aldehyde, an electron is transferred to the copper II ion. This reduces the copper II ion to copper I ion and oxidizes the reducing sugar. Because copper I ions are seen to be rust red, the solution will begin to change color. In the presence of small amounts of monosaccharide, the solution will change to green. Higher concentrations of the monosaccharide will lead to more copper being reduced and the solution's color will change more dramatically, eventually becoming a reddish orange.
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