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It is used to connect individual hosts securely to a company network over the Internet. Remote access VPNs can be used to support the needs of telecommuters and mobile users by allowing them to connect securely to company networks over the Internet....
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It allows the creation of dynamically allocated tunnels through a permanent tunnel source at the hub and dynamically allocated tunnel destinations at the spokes. It is a Cisco software solution for building multiple VPNs in an easy, dynamic, and scalable manner. IPsec encrypts communications on VPN tunnels. Which two scenarios are examples of remote access VPNs? A toy manufacturer has a permanent VPN connection to one of its parts suppliers. All users at a large branch office can access company resources through a single VPN connection. An employee who is working from home uses VPN client software on a laptop in order to connect to the company network. Users at each site can access the network on the other site without having to use any special clients or configurations on their individual devices.
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Refer to the exhibit. What solution can provide a VPN between site A and site B to support encapsulation of any Layer 3 protocol between the internal networks at each site? Which three statements are characteristics of generic routing encapsulation GRE? Choose three. GRE does not have strong security mechanisms. GRE is stateless. GRE provides flow control by default. GRE itself is stateless; it does not include any flow-control mechanisms by default. Which IP address would be configured on the tunnel interface of the destination router? The only other address, Although A tunnel was implemented between routers R1 and R2. Which two conclusions can be drawn from the R1 command output?
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The data that is sent across this tunnel is not secure. This tunnel mode provides encryption. A GRE tunnel is being used. According to the R1 output, a GRE tunnel mode was specified as the tunnel interface mode. GRE does not provide encryption or any other security mechanisms. Therefore, data that is sent across a GRE tunnel is not secure. GRE supports IP multicast tunneling. What is used by BGP to determine the best path to a destination?
Biology Chapter 3 Test - Maximum Achievement Program
Groups were defined by the theoretical basis of each therapy e. CBT aims to modify maladaptive thoughts through cognitive restructuring and the component techniques used. Define levels for groups based on dose or intensity. This may be straightforward for easy-to-quantify characteristics, but more complex for characteristics that are hard to quantify e. The levels should be based on how the intervention is used in practice e. In reviews of exercise, intensity may be defined by training time session length, frequency, program duration , amount of work e. Determine whether there is an existing system for grouping interventions. Consider this step with step 2a. In some fields, intervention taxonomies and frameworks have been developed for labelling and describing interventions, and these can make it easier for those using a review to interpret and apply findings. Using an agreed system is preferable to developing new groupings.
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Existing systems should be assessed for relevance and usefulness. The most useful systems: use terminology that is understood by those using or implementing the intervention; are developed systematically and based on consensus, preferably with stakeholders including clinicians, patients, policy makers, and researchers; and have been validated through successful use in a range of applications ideally, including in systematic reviews. Systems for grouping interventions may be generic, widely applicable across clinical areas, or specific to a condition or intervention type. Some Cochrane Groups recommend specific taxonomies. Generic systems The behaviour change technique BCT taxonomy Michie et al categorizes intervention elements such as goal setting, self-monitoring and social support. A protocol for a review of social media interventions used this taxonomy to describe interventions and examine different BCTs as potential effect modifiers Welch et al The behaviour change wheel has been used to group interventions or components by function e.
Chapter 3: Multiple choice questions
This system was used to describe the components of dietary advice interventions Desroches et al Verheyden et al , Kendrick et al The taxonomy specifies broad groups e. Plan how the specified groups will be used in synthesis and reporting. Determining the right analytic approach is discussed further in Chapter 2, Section 2. The categories were also analysed as subgroups within the meta-analysis to explore whether the effect size varied by type of exercise Fransen et al Other subgroup analyses examined mode of delivery and dose.
Class 10 Science MCQ – Online Test
Decide how to group interventions with multiple components or co-interventions. These components might be eligible for inclusion in the review alone, or eligible only if used alongside an eligible intervention. Options for considering multi-component interventions may include the following. Identifying intervention components for meta-regression or a components-based network meta-analysis see Chapter 11 and Welton et al , Caldwell and Welton , Higgins et al Reporting results study by study.
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An option if components are expected to be so diverse that synthesis will not be interpretable. Excluding multi-component interventions. An option if the effect of the intervention of interest cannot be discerned. This approach may reduce the relevance of the review. The first two approaches may be challenging but are likely to be most useful Caldwell and Welton See Section 3. Grouping by main component: In a review of psychological therapies for panic disorder, two of the eight eligible therapies psychoeducation and supportive psychotherapy could be used alone or as part of a multi-component therapy.
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When accompanied by another eligible therapy, the intervention was categorized as the other therapy i. Separate group: In a review of psychosocial interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy, two approaches were used. All intervention types were included in a single meta-analysis with subgroups for multi-component, single and tailored interventions. Build in contingencies by specifying both specific and broader intervention groups. Consider grouping interventions at more than one level, so that studies of a broader group of interventions can be synthesized if too few studies are identified for synthesis in more specific groups.
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This will provide flexibility where review authors anticipate few studies contributing to specific groups e. In a review of psychosocial interventions for smoking cessation, the authors planned to group any psychosocial intervention in a single comparison addressing the higher level question of whether, on average, psychosocial interventions are effective. Given that sufficient data were available, they also presented separate meta-analyses to examine the effects of specific types of psychosocial interventions e. The next step is to define the comparisons that will be made between the intervention groups. Setting aside for a moment more complex analyses such as network meta-analyses, which can simultaneously compare many groups Chapter 11 , standard meta-analysis Chapter 10 aims to draw conclusions about the comparative effects of two groups at a time i.
Review Exercises (Ch 3-13)
These comparisons form the basis for the syntheses that will be undertaken if data are available. Cochrane Reviews sometimes include one comparison, but most often include multiple comparisons. Three commonly identified types of comparisons include the following Davey et al Intervention versus placebo e. Placebos are most commonly used in the evaluation of pharmacological interventions, but may be also be used in some non-pharmacological evaluations. For example: newer generation antidepressants versus placebo Hetrick et al ; and vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures versus placebo sham procedure Buchbinder et al Intervention versus control e. Both intervention arms may also receive standard therapy. For example: chemotherapy or targeted therapy plus best supportive care BSC versus BSC for palliative treatment of esophageal and gastroesophageal-junction carcinoma Janmaat et al ; and personalized care planning versus usual care for people with long-term conditions Coulter et al Intervention A versus intervention B.
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A comparison of active interventions may include comparison of the same intervention delivered at different time points, for different lengths of time or different doses, or two different interventions. For example: early commenced at less than two weeks of age versus late two weeks of age or more parenteral zinc supplementation in term and preterm infants Taylor et al ; high intensity versus low intensity physical activity or exercise in people with hip or knee osteoarthritis Regnaux et al ; multimedia education versus other education for consumers about prescribed and over the counter medications Ciciriello et al The first two types of comparisons aim to establish the effectiveness of an intervention, while the last aims to compare the effectiveness of two interventions.
Chapter 3: Research Methods
Therefore, placebo and control groups may be determined to be similar enough to be combined for synthesis. In reviews including multiple intervention groups, many comparisons are possible. In some of these reviews, authors seek to synthesize evidence on the comparative effectiveness of all their included interventions, including where there may be only indirect comparison of some interventions across the included studies Chapter 11, Section However, in many reviews including multiple intervention groups, a limited subset of the possible comparisons will be selected. The chosen subset of comparisons should address the most important clinical and research questions. For example, if an established intervention or dose of an intervention is used in practice, then the synthesis would ideally compare novel or alternative interventions to this established intervention, and not, for example, to no intervention. A supplementary intervention is an additional intervention delivered alongside the intervention of interest, such as massage in a review examining the effects of aromatherapy i.
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In many cases, the supplementary intervention will be unimportant and can be ignored. In other situations, the effect of the intervention of interest may differ according to whether participants receive the supplementary therapy. For example, the effect of aromatherapy among people who receive a massage may differ from the effect of the aromatherapy given alone. While qualitative interactions are rare where the effect of the intervention is in the opposite direction when combined with the supplementary intervention , it is possible that there will be more variation in the intervention effects heterogeneity when supplementary interventions are involved, and it is important to plan for this.
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Approaches for dealing with this in the statistical synthesis may include fitting a random-effects meta-analysis model that encompasses heterogeneity Chapter 10, Section Once the broad domains are agreed, further specification is required to define the domains to facilitate reporting and synthesis i. The process for specifying and grouping outcomes largely parallels that used for specifying intervention groups. Reporting of outcomes should rarely determine study eligibility for a review. This is essential to avoid bias arising from selective reporting of findings by the study authors see Chapter However, in some circumstances, the measurement of certain outcomes may be a study eligibility criterion. This may be the case, for example, when the review addresses the potential for an intervention to prevent a particular outcome, or when the review addresses a specific purpose of an intervention that can be used in the same population for different purposes such as hormone replacement therapy, or aspirin.
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Outcome measures should not always form part of the criteria for including studies in a review. However, some reviews do legitimately restrict eligibility to specific outcomes. For example, the same intervention may be studied in the same population for different purposes e. If authors do exclude studies on the basis of outcomes, care should be taken to ascertain that relevant outcomes are not available because they have not been measured rather than simply not reported. C Predefining outcome domains Mandatory Define in advance outcomes that are critical to the review, and any additional important outcomes. Full specification of the outcomes includes consideration of outcome domains e. Predefinition of outcome reduces the risk of selective outcome reporting.
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The critical outcomes should be as few as possible and should normally reflect at least one potential benefit and at least one potential area of harm. It is expected that the review should be able to synthesize these outcomes if eligible studies are identified, and that the conclusions of the review will be based largely on the effects of the interventions on these outcomes. Additional important outcomes may also be specified. C Choosing outcomes Mandatory Choose only outcomes that are critical or important to users of the review such as healthcare consumers, health professionals and policy makers. Cochrane Reviews are intended to support clinical practice and policy, and should address outcomes that are critical or important to consumers. These should be specified at protocol stage.
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Where available, established sets of core outcomes should be used. Patient-reported outcomes should be included where possible. It is also important to judge whether evidence of resource use and costs might be an important component of decisions to adopt the intervention or alternative management strategies around the world. Large numbers of outcomes, while sometimes necessary, can make reviews unfocused, unmanageable for the user, and prone to selective outcome reporting bias. Biochemical, interim and process outcomes should be considered where they are important to decision makers.
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Any outcomes that would not be described as critical or important can be left out of the review. C Predefining outcome measures Highly desirable Define in advance details of what will constitute acceptable outcome measures e. Having decided what outcomes are of interest to the review, authors should clarify acceptable ways in which these outcomes can be measured. It may be difficult, however, to predefine adverse effects.
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These parties are obscenely lavish. The guests marvel at Gatsby's Rolls-Royce, his enormous swimming pool, the live musicians he engages weekly, the sumptuous food that he provides for hundreds of people, and, perhaps most importantly, the unlimited liquor he generously supplies. Nick is eventually invited to one of these parties, but not by Gatsby himself; instead, Gatsby's chauffeur brings an invitation to Nick's door. Gatsby's mansion is packed with revelers when Nick arrives. Very few of them seem to be invited guests, and even fewer have met Gatsby face to face.
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It is a very mixed crowd: East Eggers rub elbows with West Eggers, and people from New York high society meet those from "the wrong side of the tracks. All around them, people gossip about their mysterious host. They speculate that he once killed a man in cold blood or that he was a spy for Germany during World War I. Jordan and Nick go looking for Gatsby in his mansion; instead, they find a grotesque little man in enormous eyeglasses Nick calls him " Owl Eyes " skimming through the books in Gatsby's library. Both Owl Eyes and Jordan initially think that the books are false, designed only to give the appearance of a library; both are surprised to find that the books are real. Outside, in the garden, Nick strikes up a conversation with a handsome, youthful man who looks familiar to him; it turns out that they served in the same division during the war. This man is the mysterious Gatsby. Gatsby has an affected English accent and a highly formal way of speaking. He stands aloof from his guests, watching the party rather than taking part in it.
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Gatsby leaves to take a phone call; later, he sends his butler to ask Jordan Baker if he may speak with her privately. When she finishes talking to Gatsby, she tells Nick that she has heard some "remarkable" news. At about two in the morning, Nick decides to walk home; on the way, he sees Owl Eyes, who has crashed his car into a ditch. Owl Eyes loudly proclaims that he is finished with the whole business; it is not clear either to Nick or to the reader what, if anything, he means by this. Nick informs the reader that he did not merely attend parties during the summer of ; he was also working in New York, a city which he simultaneously loves and hates. At Tom and Daisy's urging, he becomes romantically involved with Jordan Baker. Though he finds her essential dishonesty somewhat off-putting, he is attracted to her despite himself.
Chapter 3: Hypothesis Testing
Analysis In this chapter, Jay Gatsby remains fundamentally a mystery. Few of the partygoers have met their host, and Gatsby stands aloof from his own celebration. He does not drink, he does not dance, he remains an observer. The man himself stands in stark contrast to the sinister gossip Nick has heard about him. Gatsby is young and handsome, with a beautiful smile that seems to radiate hope and optimism. Nick falls instantly in love with Gatsby's smile, remarking that it has "a quality of eternal reassurance in it. Though Nick implies throughout the novel that wealth and ostentation tend to mask immorality and decay, Gatsby's wealth seems to serve another purpose, one that is not yet clear.
Chapter 3 Quiz
The reader already knows that not everything about Gatsby is mere display: his books are real, for example, and his smile is real. However, he has a queer false English accent that is obviously false. Gatsby, at this point in the novel, remains an enigma, a creature of contradictions. Fitzgerald gives great attention to the details of contemporary society: Gatsby's party is both a description and parody of Jazz Age decadence. It exemplifies the spirit of conspicuous consumption, and is a queer mix of the lewd and the respectable. Though catered to by butlers and serenaded by professionally trained singers, the guests are drunk, crude, and boisterous. The orchestra plays a work by Tostoff called The Jazz History of the World; though it had had a fantastic reception at Carnegie Hall, the piece is the antithesis of classical respectability. At the time of The Great Gatsby 's publication, cars were still novelty items; in the novel, they are imbued with a sense of luxurious danger.
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A car accident disturbs the end of the party, when a drunken man crashes his car into a ditch. Nick admonishes Jordan for being an unspeakably awful driver, and her near-accident serves as a metaphor for the behavior of her contemporaries. Jordan is a careless driver because she considers caution the responsibility of others; she feels that the onus is on them to keep out of her way. The chapter also reinforces Nick's position an objective and reliable narrator: it ends with his claim that he is one of the few honest people he has ever known. Jordan Baker, by contrast, is compulsively dishonest; the fact that she cheated to win her first golf tournament is entirely unsurprising. She assumes that everyone else is as dishonest as she: she automatically concludes that Gatsby's books, like the better part of her own personality, exist merely for the sake of appearance.
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Chapter 3: Hypothesis Testing Section 1 The previous two chapters introduced methods for organizing and summarizing sample data, and using sample statistics to estimate population parameters. This chapter introduces the next major topic of inferential statistics: hypothesis testing. A hypothesis is a statement or claim about a property of a population. The Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing When conducting scientific research, typically there is some known information, perhaps from some past work or from a long accepted idea. We want to test whether this claim is believable. This is the basic idea behind a hypothesis test: State what we think is true.
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Quantify how confident we are about our claim. Use sample statistics to make inferences about population parameters. For example, past research tells us that the average life span for a hummingbird is about four years. You have been studying the hummingbirds in the southeastern United States and find a sample mean lifespan of 4. Should you reject the known or accepted information in favor of your results? How confident are you in your estimate? At what point would you say that there is enough evidence to reject the known information and support your alternative claim? How far from the known mean of four years can the sample mean be before we reject the idea that the average lifespan of a hummingbird is four years?
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Hypothesis testing is a procedure, based on sample evidence and probability, used to test claims regarding a characteristic of a population. A hypothesis is a claim or statement about a characteristic of a population of interest to us. A hypothesis test is a way for us to use our sample statistics to test a specific claim. Example 1 The population mean weight is known to be lb. We want to test the claim that the mean weight has increased. We believe that a treatment has helped, and we want to test the claim that there has been a reduction in the proportion of infected plants.
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It contains the condition of equality and is denoted as H0 H-naught. It contains the value of the parameter that we consider plausible and is denoted as H1. It is used to decide whether the difference between the sample statistic and the hypothesized claim is significant. The p-value is the area under the curve to the left or right of the test statistic. The critical value is the value that defines the rejection zone the test statistic values that would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. It is defined by the level of significance. This level is set by the researcher. The conclusion is the final decision of the hypothesis test. The conclusion must always be clearly stated, communicating the decision based on the components of the test.
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