[FREE] 1.5 2 Test Cst Mental And Emotional Health Answers
Typically there is reduced sleep and lowered appetite sometimes leading to significant weight loss , but some people sleep more than usual and have an increase in appetite. A loss of interest and enjoyment in everyday life, and feelings of guilt,...
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Some people with GAD may become excessively apprehensive about the outcome of routine activities, in particular those associated with the health of or separation from loved ones. Some people often anticipate a catastrophic outcome from a mild physical symptom or a side effect of medication. Demoralisation is said to be a common consequence, with many individuals becoming discouraged, ashamed and unhappy about the difficulties of carrying out their normal routines. GAD is often comorbid with depression and this can make accurate diagnosis problematic Wittchen et al. Panic disorder People with panic disorder report intermittent apprehension, and panic attacks attacks of sudden short-lived anxiety in relation to particular situations or spontaneous panic attacks, with no apparent cause.
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They often take action to avoid being in particular situations in order to prevent those feelings, which may develop into agoraphobia Breier et al. The frequency and severity of panic attacks varies widely. Situational triggers for panic attacks can be external for example, a phobic object or situation or internal physiological arousal. A panic attack may be unexpected spontaneous or uncued , that is, one that an individual does not immediately associate with a situational trigger. The essential feature of agoraphobia is anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult, embarrassing or in which help may not be available in the event of having a panic attack.
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This anxiety is said to typically lead to a pervasive avoidance of a variety of situations that may include: being alone outside the home or being home alone; being in a crowd of people; travelling by car or bus; being in a particular place, such as on a bridge or in a lift. Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD is characterised by the presence of either obsessions or compulsions, but commonly both.
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An obsession is defined as an unwanted intrusive thought, image or urge that repeatedly enters the person's mind. Obsessions are distressing, but are acknowledged as originating in the person's mind and not imposed by an external agency. They are usually regarded by the individual as unreasonable or excessive. Compulsions are repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform. A compulsion can either be overt and observable by others, or a covert mental act that cannot be observed. Covert compulsions are generally more difficult to resist or monitor than overt ones because they can be performed anywhere without others knowing and are easier to perform.
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The most frequent presentations are checking and cleaning, and these are the most easily recognised because they are on a continuum with everyday behaviour. A compulsion is not in itself pleasurable, which differentiates it from impulsive acts such as shopping or gambling, which are associated with immediate gratification. Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD often develops in response to one or more traumatic events such as deliberate acts of interpersonal violence, severe accidents, disasters or military action. Those at risk of PTSD include survivors of war and torture, of accidents and disasters, and of violent crime for example, physical and sexual assaults, sexual abuse, bombings and riots , refugees, women who have experienced traumatic childbirth, people diagnosed with a life-threatening illness, and members of the armed forces, police and other emergency personnel Foa et al.
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The most characteristic symptoms of PTSD are re-experiencing symptoms. People with PTSD involuntarily re-experience aspects of the traumatic event in a vivid and distressing way. Symptoms include flashbacks in which the person acts or feels as if the event is recurring; nightmares; and repetitive and distressing intrusive images or other sensory impressions from the event. As a result, hypervigilance for threat, exaggerated startle responses, irritability, difficulty in concentrating, sleep problems and avoidance of trauma reminders are other core symptoms. However, people with PTSD also describe symptoms of emotional numbing. These include inability to have any feelings, feeling detached from other people, giving up previously significant activities and amnesia for significant parts of the event.
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Two further common mental health disorders, social anxiety disorder and specific phobias, are briefly described below. However, because no NICE guidelines currently exist for these disorders they will not be discussed in detail in the remainder of this chapter. Social anxiety disorder Social anxiety disorder, also referred to as social phobia, is characterised by an intense fear in social situations that results in considerable distress and in turn impacts on a person's ability to function effectively in aspects of their daily life. Central to the disorder is a fear of being judged by others and of being embarrassed or humiliated.
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This leads to the avoidance of a number of social situations and often impacts significantly on educational and vocational performance. The fears can be triggered by the actual or imagined scrutiny from others. The disorder often begins in early adolescence, and although an individual may recognise the problem as outside of normal experience, many do not seek help Liebowitz et al. Social anxiety disorder is characterised by a range of physical symptoms including excessive blushing, sweating, trembling, palpitations and nausea. Panic attacks are common, as is the development of depressive symptoms as the problem becomes chronic. Alcohol or drug misuse can develop because people use these substances in an attempt to cope with the disturbing and disabling symptoms. It is also often comorbid with other disorders such as depression Kessler et al.
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Specific phobias A specific phobia is an unwarranted, extreme and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger or threat Humphris et al. The fear and anxiety occur immediately upon encountering the feared object or situation and tend to lead to avoidance or extreme discomfort. The person with a specific phobia recognises that the fear is excessive, unwarranted or out of proportion to the actual risk. Specific phobias result in significant interference with the activities of daily life; they are usually grouped under a number of subtypes including animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury and situational. Incidence and prevalence Estimates of the prevalence of common mental health disorders vary considerably depending on where and when surveys are carried out, and the period over which prevalence is measured. In the three ONS surveys carried out so far, the proportion of adults meeting the criteria for at least one disorder increased between and but did not change between and The largest increase in the rate of disorders found between and was in women aged 45 to 64 years, among whom the rate went up by about one fifth McManus et al.
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The 1-week prevalence for the other common mental health disorders were 4. In the US, Kessler and colleagues conducted the National Comorbidity Survey, a representative household interview survey of 9, adults aged 18 years and over, to estimate the lifetime Kessler et al. A summary of their findings can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Summary of prevalence rates for common mental health disorders. In summary, at any given time common mental health disorders can be found in around one in six people in the community, and around half of these have significant symptoms that would warrant intervention from healthcare professionals. Most have non-specific mixed anxiety and depressive symptoms, but a proportion have more specific depressive disorder or anxiety disorders including panic disorder, phobias, OCD or PTSD. The location, time and duration of the survey are not the only factors to influence prevalence rates. A number of demographic and socioeconomic factors are associated with a higher risk of disorders, including gender, age, marital status, ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation.
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These will be discussed below. Gender Depression and anxiety disorders tend to have a higher prevalence in women. Prevalence rates of depression have consistently been found to be between 1. The greatest difference between genders was among South Asian adults where the age-standardised rate among women Among men, the rate was highest in to year-olds Marital status Women across all marital-status categories were more likely than their male counterparts to have disorders in the ONS survey McManus et al. Among men, those currently divorced had the greatest likelihood of having a disorder, but variation by other marital status categories was less pronounced. For women the rate of disorder was high for divorced women, but even higher for separated women Men and women who were married or widowed had the lowest observed rates of disorder However, among women rates of all disorders except phobias were higher in the South Asian group.
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The number of South Asian women in the sample was small, so while the differences were pronounced they were only significant for disorders as a whole for GAD and panic disorder. A number of socioeconomic factors significantly affected prevalence rates in the ONS survey Singleton et al. An illustration of the social origins of depression can be found in a general practice survey in which 7. Neighbourhood social deprivation accounted for Other variables were the proportion of the population having no or only one car and neighbourhood unemployment Ostler et al. The evidence therefore overwhelmingly supports the view that the prevalence of common mental health disorders, however it is defined, varies according to gender and social and economic factors.
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Learning disabilities The rates of common mental health disorders in adults with learning disabilities are generally considered to be higher, but limited data and methodological problems Smiley, mean that precise estimates are often not available and so uncertainty remains. In contrast, there is clearer evidence that other mental disorders such as problem behaviour have a higher rate of learning disabilities Cooper et al. However, some indication of the possible differential incidence of common mental health disorders can be obtained from the following studies. Richards and colleagues report a four-fold increase in the rates of affective disorders for people with mild learning disability. Rates of problems may also vary with the disorder; for example, Collacott reports a higher rate of depression in adults with Down's syndrome than in adults with other causes of learning disability. With regard to anxiety disorders, Cooper reports a rate of 2. Aetiology The aetiology of common mental health disorders is multi-factorial and involves psychological, social and biological factors.
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Many of the common mental health disorders have similar aetiologies. For example, King and colleagues identified five immutable risk factors for depression. These were younger age, female gender, lower educational achievement, previous history of depression and family history of depression. Brewin and colleagues and Ozer and colleagues identified similar risk factors for PTSD, including a previous personal or family history of anxiety disorders or affective disorders, neuroticism, lower intelligence, female gender and a history of previous trauma. These can be broadly defined as biological factors, social stresses and life events.
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These risk factors will now be discussed in general. For information regarding factors for specific disorders, please refer to the relevant NICE guideline see Section 2. There is good evidence for biological factors in the development of many psychological disorders. Biological factors can be biochemical, endocrine and neurophysiological Goodwin, ; Malhi et al. Support for this claim often comes from family-history studies Angst et al.
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Internship involves employment or volunteer engagement in a company, public agency, or non-profit organization. Alternatively, students may complete the internship component of the Practicum through directed independent project s involving advanced analysis, research, and writing. Students planning to enroll in the Practicum should meet with the Program Coordinator to learn of existing Internship opportunities, or to define the elements of a meaningful internship experience either at their current employer or a new internship position.
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Students are responsible for attaining their own internship. With permission of the Program Coordinator, the internship work hours may occur prior to the students registering for the Practicum. In addition, student mastery of general education abilities and program learning outcomes will be assessed. Prior to taking the Business Practicum, students must have completed twelve business core or program option credits with a grade of C- or better, AND have completed at least 40 credits towards their associate degree or 15 credits towards their BA Certificate. Elective Type: G Anthropology 3 credits Introduction to Anthropology Exploration of the diversity of the human community including the search for human origins. Focus is on the cultural evolution of man, lost civilizations, archaeology, and the societies and cultures of nonwestern peoples. How the traditional ways of life of hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads and tribal cultivators are being challenged by present-day technological advancements is also explored.
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Programs Mission The mission of the National Institute of Mental Health NIMH is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure. For the Institute to continue fulfilling this vital public health mission, it must foster innovative thinking and ensure that a full array of novel scientific perspectives are used to further discovery in the evolving science of brain, behavior, and experience. In this way, breakthroughs in science can become breakthroughs for all people with mental illnesses. In support of this mission, NIMH will generate research and promote research training to fulfill the following 4 objectives: Define the mechanisms of complex disorders Chart mental illness trajectories to determine when, where, and how to intervene Strive for prevention and cures Strengthen the public health impact of NIMH-supported research To reach these goals, NIMH divisions and programs are designed to emphasize translational research spanning bench, to bedside, to practice.
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In contrast to current symptom-based diagnostic systems for mental illnesses, RDoC integrates many levels of information from genomics to social factors for each patient to provide a precise characterization. RDoC frees clinical investigators from the current diagnostic categories and encourages basic scientists to identify molecular or neural mechanisms of specific domains of mental function, rather than creating models of diseases. Information from the RDoC project is now being aggregated into a common, comprehensive database—called RDoCdb—which will allow researchers to share and mine the results of NIMH-funded research. Because no federal funds had yet been appropriated for the new institute, the Greentree Foundation financed the meeting. Winthrop N. Kellogg of Indiana University. Kennedy, who established a cabinet-level interagency committee to examine the recommendations and determine an appropriate Federal response.
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Part of this was a response to President Johnson's pledge to apply scientific research to social problems. The Institute established centers for research on schizophrenia, child and family mental health, and suicide, as well as crime and delinquency, minority group mental health problems, urban problems, and later, rape, aging, and technical assistance to victims of natural disasters. A provision in the Social Security Amendments of P. Also in this year, staffing amendments to the CMHC act authorized grants to help pay the salaries of professional and technical personnel in federally funded community mental health centers. Alcohol abuse and alcoholism did not receive full recognition as a major public health problem until the mids, when the National Center for Prevention and Control of Alcoholism was established as part of NIMH; a research program on drug abuse was inaugurated within NIMH with the establishment of the Center for Studies of Narcotic and Drug Abuse.
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